This paper puts forth a few main principles upon which such a discussion should evolve. Rather, the scope and quality of frameworks in which the hybridization of human identity occurs and evolves has significant ethical implications that pose very pragmatic challenges to users, the industry, and regulators. Discussing-and accommodating-anthropomorphization in human–machine interaction should no longer be the primary focus. Technology-and most notably AI-is used as an effective cognitive extender, which enables the extension of human personhood to include artificial elements, leading to the emergence of artificial identity. The current state of human–machine interaction has set forth a process of hybridization of human identity. Finally, others contributions have identified possible benefits deriving from the natural attitude to anthropomorphize, as a design philosophy for robots and artifacts in general, or as a useful heuristic in the scientific study of animal behavior. Some authors analyze the relationship between anthropomorphization and theory of mind abilities both in typical and atypical populations. They also show that the context and the interactive situation are crucial to understanding this phenomenon. From their work it emerges that far from being the result of naive beliefs, the exercise of anthropomorphism involves a multiplicity of mental abilities including perception and imagination. Within this general umbrella, the authors included in this e-book have explored the issues mentioned above from different points of view. This observation has motivated the collection of articles presented here, under the unifying perspective of the cognitive underpinnings of anthropomorphism. Moreover, there is an ongoing debate among scientists about the merits or harm of anthropomorphism in the scientific study of animal behavior and in scientific discourse.ĭespite the interest and the specificity of the topic most of the relevant studies are scattered across disciplines and have not built a systematic research framework. Psychologists have set out to understand which aspects of human mind are involved in this behavior, its motivations and the circumstances favoring its enactment. The pervasiveness of this phenomenon makes it a particularly interesting object of psychological enquiry.
Furthermore, a systematized form of anthropomorphism underlies most religions. In everyday life humans speak of events such as fires as if they possessed some form of intentionality, a behavior sometimes shared also by scientists.
Adults often attribute mental states and emotions to animals. It is frequent to see children addressing dolls and figures as if they were alive. The attribution of human traits to non-humans - animals, artifacts or even natural events - is an attitude, deeply grounded in human mind.
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